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From the Preface of the book:
In commemoration of our company’s 50th Anniversary, it gives us great pleasure to share our
accomplishments with our supporters and customers, through the second English edition of our
handbook, the “KURITA HANDBOOK OF WATER TREATMENT.”
Founded in 1949, KURITA WATER INDUSTRIES LTD., has become a leader in the field of water
and environmental management. However, we are not satisfied with simply providing water and
sewage treatment facilities, water and process treatment chemicals, and related operational management
equipment and maintenance services. We are also expanding our efforts to improve the global
environment, through such processes as purification of contaminated soil, detoxification of dioxins,
reduction and recycling of excess activated sludge, and immobilization of heavy metals in fly ash
produced from waste incineration facilities.
In the area of water treatment and process treatment chemicals, we have made technological
improvements to ensure efficient operation and contribute to water and energy conservation in
various water systems. We have also addressed critical issues surrounding water system treatment,
such as the reduction of environmental impact through the development of non-phosphorus boiler
compounds, non-hydrazine oxygen scavengers, and low- or non-phosphorus cooling water treatment
chemicals. In addition, we have focused on the important task of ensuring work safety and chemical-
handling safety. Our efforts have been rewarded with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certifications.
We believe that these certifications are proof of our commitment to quality assurance for our
products, and to environmental preservation and improvement.
In order to introduce some of our company’s innovative technology and accomplishments in the field
of water treatment chemicals to a global readership, we published the first English edition of our
handbook in 1985. Since then, we have continued working to develop more advanced technology
and improved products. In this second edition, we have described our technologies and products in
as much detail as possible, to ensure that we provide our readers with useful data.
It is reasonable to assume that tomorrow’s technological advancements will proceed at a more
dizzying pace than ever. Therefore, intend to continue to update our handbook, which would
otherwise quickly become obsolete. This is the primary reason we have turned to electronic
publishing and have created this handbook in CD-ROM format. As we plan to revise it once every
few years, we are confident that this CD-ROM will provide our readers with the most up-to-date
information.
Our company philosophy is, “Study the properties of water and master them, and we will create an
environment in which nature and man are in harmony.” We are committed to developing advanced
technology and products that will contribute to the betterment of our society.
In closing, we would like to express our appreciation and gratitude to the writers and editors
responsible for creating this comprehensive handbook. We hope that this handbook will serve as a
source of useful information for its readers.
Contents
1. Introduction to Water Treatment…………………….. 1-1
1.1 Necessity of Water Treatment …………………………………………………………………………………… 1-1
1.2 Development and Recent Trends of Water Treatment Chemicals ……………………………………. 1-1
1.2.1 Reduction of Total Cost Performance ………………………………………………………….. 1-2
1.2.2 Minimized Influence on the Environment ……………………………………………………. 1-3
1.2.3 Assessment of Chemical Safety …………………………………………………………………… 1-3
1.2.4 Contribution to Water Conservation …………………………………………………………… 1-3
1.2.5 Contribution to Energy Conservation ………………………………………………………….. 1-3
1.2.6 Realization of Long Time Continuous Operation of
Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Plants ……………………………………………… 1-4
1.3 Science of Water …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1-4
1.3.1 Amount of Water ……………………………………………………………………………………. 1-4
1.3.2 Molecular Structure of Water …………………………………………………………………….. 1-4
1.3.3 Properties of Water ………………………………………………………………………………….. 1-5
1.4 Basic Chemistry for Water Treatments ……………………………………………………………………….. 1-6
1.4.1 Units Constituting Chemical Substances …………………………………………………….. 1-6
1.4.2 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Bonds …………………………………………………….. 1-7
1.4.3 Chemistry of Aqueous Solution ………………………………………………………………….. 1-9
2. Water Treatment and Chemicals for
Boiler Water Systems ……………………………………… 2-1
2.1 General ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-1
2.1.1 Types of Boilers ………………………………………………………………………………………. 2-1
2.1.2 Necessity of Water Treatment for Boilers …………………………………………………….. 2-3
2.1.3 History of Boiler Water Treatment in Japan …………………………………………………. 2-4
2.2 Boiler Problems Caused by Water ……………………………………………………………………………… 2-6
2.2.1 Scaling …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-6
2.2.2 Corrosion ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-10
2.2.3 Carryover ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-17
2.3 External Boiler Water Treatment …………………………………………………………………………….. 2-19
2.3.1 Raw Water and Feedwater Treatments ………………………………………………………. 2-19
2.3.2 Condensate Treatment ……………………………………………………………………………. 2-22
2.4 Internal Boiler Water Treatment ……………………………………………………………………………… 2-23
2.4.1 Kinds of Boiler Treatment Chemicals and Their Functions …………………………… 2-23
2.4.2 Boiler Compounds …………………………………………………………………………………. 2-24
2.4.3 Sludge Dispersants ………………………………………………………………………………… 2-30
2.4.4 Oxygen Scavengers ………………………………………………………………………………… 2-35
2.4.5 Corrosion Inhibitors for the Feedwater and Condensate Lines ………………………… 2-37
2.4
.6 On-Stream Scale Removers ……………………………………………………………………… 2-42
2.4.7 Antifoaming Agents ………………………………………………………………………………. 2-43
2.5 Water Treatment for Mini-Circulation Boilers …………………………………………………………… 2-43
2.5.1 Scale Inhibition …………………………………………………………………………………….. 2-43
2.5.2 Corrosion Inhibition ………………………………………………………………………………. 2-45
2.6 Preservation of Boilers during Stoppage ……………………………………………………………………. 2-45
2.6.1 Corrosion of Boilers during Stoppage ………………………………………………………… 2-45
2.6.2 Preservation Treatments for Boilers during Stoppage …………………………………… 2-45
2.7 Water Quality Control for Boiler System ………………………………………………………………….. 2-47
2.7.1 Standard Water Quality Control Range …………………………………………………….. 2-47
2.7.2 Control of Boiler Water Blowdown …………………………………………………………… 2-53
2.7.3 Control of Chemical Injection ………………………………………………………………….. 2-55
2.8 Energy Conservation for Boilers ………………………………………………………………………………. 2-57
2.8.1 Recovery of Condensate ………………………………………………………………………….. 2-57
2.8.2 Prevention of Steam Leakage ……………………………………………………………………. 2-59
2.8.3 Prevention of Thermal Efficiency Drop of Boiler Due to Scaling ……………………. 2-60
2.8.4 Reduction of Blowdown …………………………………………………………………………. 2-62
2.8.5 Heat Recovery from Blowdown Water ………………………………………………………. 2-63
3. Cooling Water Treatment………………………………… 3-1
3.1 Outline of Cooling Water Systems …………………………………………………………………………….. 3-1
3.1.1 Types and Features of Cooling Water Systems ………………………………………………. 3-1
3.1.2 Equipments and Materials in Cooling Water Systems ……………………………………. 3-2
3.1.3 Water Balance in Cooling Water Systems ……………………………………………………. 3-5
3.1.4 Problems Occurred in Cooling Water Systems ……………………………………………… 3-8
3.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention …………………………………………………………………………… 3-9
3.2.1 Mechanisms of Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors ……………………………………….. 3-9
3.2.2 Kinds of Metals and Forms of Corrosion ……………………………………………………. 3-13
3.2.3 Types and Effects of Corrosion Inhibitors …………………………………………………… 3-16
3.2.4 Factors Influencing the Effects of Corrosion Inhibitors …………………………………. 3-20
3.2.5 Corrosion Prevention Methods Other Than Corrosion Inhibitors……………………. 3-22
3.3 Scale and Scale Prevention ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3-22
3.3.1 Kinds of Scales and Their Solubilities ……………………………………………………….. 3-22
3.3.2 Process of Scale Formation and Functional Mechanisms of Scale Inhibitors ……… 3-28
3.3.3 Kinds and Effects of Scale Inhibitors …………………………………………………………. 3-30
3.3.4 Characteristics and Performances of Polymer Scale Inhibitors ………………………… 3-31
3.3.5 Factors Influencing the Effects of Scale Inhibitors ……………………………………….. 3-32
3.3.6 The Other Scale Control Methods …………………………………………………………….. 3-34
3.4 Biofouling and Its Prevention …………………………………………………………………………………. 3-35
3.4.1 Biofouling Problems ………………………………………………………………………………. 3-35
3.4.2 Types of Microorganisms and Chemical Composition of Biofouling ……………….. 3-36
3.4.3 Factors Influencing Biofouling Formation ………………………………………………….. 3-37
3.4.4 Mechanism of Biofouling ………………………………………………………………………… 3-40
3.4.5 Biofouling Control Methods and Their Functional Mechanisms …………………….. 3-41
3.4.6 Factors Influencing the Effects of Biofouling Control Agents ………………………… 3-41
3.4.7 Kinds and Effects of Biofouling Control Agents ………………………………………….. 3-42
3.4.8 The Other Biofouling Control Methods …………………………………………………….. 3-46
3.5 Case Studies of Cooling Water Treatments ………………………………………………………………… 3-47
3.5.1 Open Recirculating Cooling Water Systems ………………………………………………. 3-47
3.5.2 Closed Recirculating Cooling Water Systems ……………………………………………… 3-51
3.5.3 Once Through Cooling Water Systems ……………………………………………………… 3-53
3.5.4 Brine Systems ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3-54
3.6 Control of Cooling Water System Operation ……………………………………………………………… 3-55
3.6.1 Control of Cooling Water Quality and Chemical Injection ……………………………. 3-55
3.6.2 Monitoring of Water Treatment ……………………………………………………………….. 3-59
3.6.3 Inspection and Cleaning of Heat Exchangers ………………………………………………. 3-63
3.6.4 Cautions for the Cooling Water Treatment of New Plants …………………………….. 3-64
3.7 Energy and Water Saving Operation of Cooling Water Systems ……………………………………. 3-66
3.7.1 Power Cost Saving by Chemical Water Treatment ………………………………………. 3-68
3.7.2 Power Cost Saving for Cooling Tower Fans ………………………………………………… 3-70
3.7.3 Water Cost Saving by Chemical Water Treatment ………………………………………. 3-70
3.7.4 Saving of Maintenance Cost of Heat Exchangers …………………………………………. 3-70
3.7.5 Total Cost Saving in the Operation of Cooling Water System by
Chemical Treatment ………………………………………………………………………………. 3-71
4. Coagulants, Flocculants and
Sludge Dewatering Agents ……………………………… 4-1
4.1 Outline of Water, Wastewater and Sludge Treatments ………………………………………………….. 4-1
4.1.1 Mechanical Treatments …………………………………………………………………………….. 4-1
4.1.2 Chemical Treatment ………………………………………………………………………………… 4-2
4.1.3 Biological Treatment ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4-3
4.1.4 Flowsheet of Wastewater and Sludge Treatments ………………………………………….. 4-4
4.2 Coagulation and Flocculation ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4-4
4.2.1 Outline of Coagulation and Flocculation Treatment ……
…………………………………. 4-4
4.2.2 Equipments for Floc Separation …………………………………………………………………. 4-5
4.2.3 Mechanism of Coagulation and Flocculation ………………………………………………… 4-6
4.2.4 Inorganic Coagulants ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4-9
4.2.5 Organic Coagulants ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4-10
4.2.6 Nonionic and Anionic Polymer Flocculants ……………………………………………….. 4-14
4.2.7 Coagulation and Flocculation Tests …………………………………………………………… 4-18
4.3 Sludge Treatment …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4-18
4.3.1 Treatment of Inorganic Sludge …………………………………………………………………. 4-19
4.3.2 Treatment of Organic Sludge …………………………………………………………………… 4-19
4.3.3 Polymer Dewatering Agents ……………………………………………………………………. 4-25
4.3.4 Testing Methods for Sludge Dewatering ……………………………………………………. 4-30
4.4 Safety of Polymer Flocculants …………………………………………………………………………………. 4-32
5. Water Treatment for Air Conditioning Systems… 5-1
5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5-1
5.2 Water Treatment for Cooling Water Systems ………………………………………………………………. 5-2
5.2.1 Characteristics of Cooling Water Systems for Air Conditioning Systems …………… 5-3
5.2.2 Water Treatment Methods for Large or Medium Size Cooling Water Systems ……. 5-4
5.2.3 Water Treatment Methods for Small Size Cooling Water Systems ……………………. 5-7
5.2.4 Energy-Saving Operation of Refrigerating Machines ……………………………………… 5-8
5.3 Water Treatment of Closed Recirculating Water Systems for Air Conditioning ……………….. 5-10
5.3.1 Closed Water Recirculation Systems with Heat Accumulation Tanks ……………… 5-10
5.3.2 Closed Water Recirculation Systems with Heat Pumps ………………………………… 5-13
5.4 Water Treatment for High Temperature Water Systems in
District Air Conditioning Plants …………………………………………………………………………….. 5-14
5.4.1 Outline of the Systems ……………………………………………………………………………. 5-14
5.4.2 Problems and Their Countermeasures ……………………………………………………….. 5-14
5.5 Water Treatment for Advanced Air Conditioning Systems …………………………………………… 5-16
5.5.1 Cogeneration Systems …………………………………………………………………………….. 5-16
5.5.2 Heat Accumulation Systems with Ice ………………………………………………………… 5-16
5.5.3 Systems Using Antifreezes ………………………………………………………………………. 5-17
5.6 Troubles and Countermeasures in Water and Hot Water Supply Systems ……………………….. 5-18
5.6.1 Troubles ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5-18
5.6.2 Countermeasures …………………………………………………………………………………… 5-19
5.6.3 Safety of Corrosion Inhibitors ………………………………………………………………….. 5-19
5.6.4 Functions and Effects of Corrosion Inhibitors ……………………………………………… 5-21
5.7 Water Treatment for Humidifiers ……………………………………………………………………………. 5-23
5.7.1 Cause of “White Powder” ……………………………………………………………………….. 5-23
5.7.2 Prevention Method of “White Powder” …………………………………………………….. 5-23
5.8 Chemical Cleaning ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5-24
5.8.1 Chemical Cleaning of Cooling Water Systems …………………………………………….. 5-24
5.8.2 Chemical Cleaning of Closed Water Recirculation Systems …………………………… 5-27
5.8.3 Chemical Cleaning of Water Supply Systems ……………………………………………… 5-28
5.8.4 Chemical Cleaning of Aluminum Fins ………………………………………………………. 5-30
6. Chemicals for Pulping and
Papermaking Processes…………………………………… 6-1
6.1 Pulp Manufacturing Processes ………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-1
6.1.1 Pulping Processes ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6-1
6.1.2 Bleaching Process ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6-2
6.2 Papermaking Processes ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 6-3
6.2.1 Conditioning ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-3
6.2.2 Papermaking Process ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6-4
6.3 Chemicals Used for Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Processes ………………………………………… 6-5
6.3.1 Dewatering Agents for Calcium Carbonate Slurry in the Lime Recovery System … 6-5
6.3.2 Deinking Agents …………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-5
6.3.3 Retention Aids ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-7
6.3.4 Sizing Agents ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-11
6.3.5 Antifoaming Agents ………………………………………………………………………………. 6-13
6.4 Deposits on Papers and Their Prevention ………………………………………………………………….. 6-16
6.4.1 Kinds of Deposits ………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-16
6.4.2 Causes of Deposit Problems …………………………………………………………………….. 6-17
6.4.3 Places of Deposit Generation and Kinds of Deposits ……………………………………. 6-19
6.4.4 Deposit Ihibitors …………………………………………………………………………………… 6-21
6.4.5 Preservatives …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6-28
6.4.6 The Other Additives for Deposit Control …………………………………………………… 6-29
6.4.7 Total Treatment for Deposit Control …………………………………………………………. 6-30
7. Chemicals for Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Processes …………………………………. 7-1
7.1 Kinds and Properties of Crude Oils ……………………………………………………………………………. 7-1
7.2 Outline of Production Processes ………………………………………………………………………………… 7-2
7.2.1 Petroleum Refining Processes ……………………………………………………………………. 7-2
7.2.2 Ethylene and Propylene Production
Processes ………………………………………………. 7-3
7.3 Chemicals for Petroleum Refining Processes ……………………………………………………………….. 7-4
7.3.1 Desalting of Crude Oils and Demulsifiers ……………………………………………………. 7-4
7.3.2 Fouling in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes,
and Antifouling Agents ……………………………………………………………………………. 7-7
7.3.3 Corrosion Inhibitors ………………………………………………………………………………. 7-11
7.3.4 Metal Inactivators (Passivators) for the Catalysts of FCC Units ………………………. 7-18
7.3.5 The Other Chemicals ……………………………………………………………………………… 7-20
8. Water Treatment for Iron and
Steel Making Plants ………………………………………… 8-1
8.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8-1
8.2 Outline of Iron and Steel Making Processes, and the Water Treatment Chemicals ……………… 8-1
8.2.1 Raw Material Yards …………………………………………………………………………………. 8-2
8.2.2 Sintering Plants and Coke Plants ……………………………………………………………….. 8-2
8.2.3 Chemical Plants ………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-3
8.2.4 Iron Making Process (Blast Furnaces) ………………………………………………………….. 8-3
8.2.5 Steel Making Process (Converters and Continuous Casting Plants) …………………… 8-3
8.2.6 Hot Rolling Mills ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8-4
8.2.7 Cold Rolling Mills …………………………………………………………………………………… 8-4
8.3 Problems in Indirect Cooling Water Systems and Their Countermeasures ………………………… 8-4
8.3.1 Blast Furnace Body Cooling Systems ………………………………………………………….. 8-4
8.3.2 Tuyere Cooling Systems ……………………………………………………………………………. 8-6
8.3.3 Hot Blast Valve Cooling Systems ……………………………………………………………….. 8-6
8.3.4 Lance and Hood Cooling Systems of Converters ……………………………………………. 8-7
8.3.5 Mold Cooling Systems of Continuous Casting Plants …………………………………….. 8-7
8.4 Problems in Direct Cooling Water Systems and Their Countermeasures ………………………….. 8-9
8.4.1 Spray Water Systems of Continuous Casting Plants ……………………………………….. 8-9
8.4.2 Spray Water Systems of Rolling Mills ……………………………………………………….. 8-10
8.5 Troubles and Countermeasures in Gas Cleaning Water Systems ……………………………………. 8-10
8.5.1 Blast Furnace Gas Cleaning Water Systems ………………………………………………… 8-10
8.5.2 Converter Gas Cleaning Water Systems …………………………………………………….. 8-14
8.6 Supply Water, Wastewater and Sludge Treatments ……………………………………………………… 8-16
8.7 The Other Specialty Chemicals ……………………………………………………………………………….. 8-18
8.7.1 Dust Blow-away Preventives for Raw Material Yards …………………………………… 8-18
8.7.2 Moisture Reducing Agents for Coal Piles …………………………………………………… 8-18
8.7.3 Pulverization Aids for Quicklime …………………………………………………………….. 8-19
8.7.4 Bulk Density Improving Agents for Coal …………………………………………………… 8-19
9. Cleaning of Plants and Equipments …………………. 9-1
9.1 Purposes of Cleaning ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-1
9.1.1 Boilers …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-1
9.1.2 Nuclear Power Plants ………………………………………………………………………………. 9-1
9.1.3 Industrial Manufacturing Plants ………………………………………………………………… 9-2
9.2 Cleaning Objects and Their Scale Problems ………………………………………………………………… 9-2
9.2.1 Boilers …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-2
9.2.2 Nuclear Power Plants ………………………………………………………………………………. 9-3
9.2.3 Industrial Manufacturing Plants ………………………………………………………………… 9-4
9.3 Cleaning Objects and Their Cleaning Methods ……………………………………………………………. 9-4
9.3.1 Boilers …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-4
9.3.2 Nuclear Power Plants ………………………………………………………………………………. 9-4
9.3.3 Industrial Manufacturing Plants ………………………………………………………………… 9-5
9.4 Time for Cleaning …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-5
9.4.1 Boilers …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-6
9.4.2 Nuclear Power Plants ………………………………………………………………………………. 9-9
9.4.3 Industrial Manufacturing Plants ………………………………………………………………… 9-9
9.5 Chemical Cleaning …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-9
9.5.1 Chemicals for Cleaning …………………………………………………………………………….. 9-9
9.5.2 Cleaning Conditions ………………………………………………………………………………. 9-14
9.5.3 Cleaning Methods ………………………………………………………………………………….. 9-14
9.5.4 Cleaning Processes and Their Procedures …………………………………………………… 9-15
9.5.5 Planning and Operation of Cleaning …………………………………………………………. 9-19
9.5.6 Treatments of Waste Cleaning Solutions16) ……………………………………………….. 9-27
9.6 Mechanical Cleaning ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-28
9.6.1 Mechanical Cleaning Methods …………………………………………………………………. 9-28
9.6.2 Examples of Mechanical Cleaning …………………………………………………………….. 9-32
9.6.3 Wastewater Treatments for Mechanical Cleaning ………………………………………… 9-34
9.7 Safety Measures for Cleaning …………………………………………………………………………………… 9-35
9.7.1 Chemical Cleaning ………………………………………………………………………………… 9-35
9.7.2 Mechanical Cleaning ………………………………………………………………………………. 9-36
10. Miscellaneous Specialty Chemicals …………………. 10-1
10.1 Additives for Drinking Distilled Water ………………..
………………………………………………….. 10-1
10.1.1 Drinking Water for Marine Vessels …………………………………………………………… 10-1
10.1.2 Influence of Drinking Distilled Water on Health ………………………………………… 10-1
10.1.3 A Mineral Additive (KUGAOKEANOS®) for Distilled Water …………………….. 10-3
10.2 Chemicals for Ultra-Pure Water Production Systems ………………………………………………….. 10-4
10.2.1 Ultra-Pure Water Production Systems ………………………………………………………. 10-4
10.2.2 Problems in Primary Demineralization Systems and Countermeasures ……………. 10-4
10.2.3 Biofouling of Secondary Demineralization Systems and Countermeasures ……….. 10-5
10.3 Corrosion Inhibitors for Spot-Welding Machine Cooling Water Systems ………………………… 10-6
10.3.1 Outline of Spot-Welding Machines …………………………………………………………… 10-6
10.3.2 Troubles Caused by the Cooling Water and Countermeasures ……………………….. 10-6
10.4 Scale Inhibitors for Flue Gas Desulfurization Plants ……………………………………………………. 10-7
10.5 Scale Inhibitors for Ash Cooling Water Systems in Refuse Incineration Plants ………………… 10-8
10.6 Paint Killers for Paint Spray Booth Circulation Water ………………………………………………… 10-9
10.7 Antifoaming Agents ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 10-10
10.7.1 Causes of Foaming ……………………………………………………………………………….. 10-10
10.7.2 Functions of Antifoaming Agents …………………………………………………………… 10-10
10.7.3 Kinds of Antifoaming Agents ………………………………………………………………… 10-10
10.7.4 Factors Influencing on the Effects of Antifoaming Agents …………………………… 10-12
10.7.5 Processes Applying Antifoaming Agents …………………………………………………. 10-13
10.8 Deodorants ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10-14
10.8.1 Odors and the Strengths ……………………………………………………………………….. 10-14
10.8.2 Measuring Methods of Odors …………………………………………………………………. 10-15
10.8.3 Offensive Odor Control Methods ……………………………………………………………. 10-16
10.8.4 Case Studies of Offensive Odor Control ……………………………………………………. 10-18
10.9 Cleaning Agents for Water Treatment Equipment ……………………………………………………. 10-19
10.9.1 Cleaning Agents for Filter Media ……………………………………………………………. 10-19
10.9.2 Cleaning Agents for Reverse Osmosis (RO) and
Ultra-Filtration (UF) Membranes ……………………………………………………………. 10-20
10.9.3 Cleaning Agents for the Ion Exchange Resins of Softeners ………………………….. 10-22
10.9.4 Cleaning Agents for the Filter Cloths of Sludge Dehydrators ………………………. 10-23
10.10 Synthetic Zeolites ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10-24
10.10.1 Features of Synthetic Zeolites ………………………………………………………………… 10-24
10.10.2 Uses of Synthetic Zeolites ……………………………………………………………………… 10-27
10.11 Dust Blow-Away Preventives ………………………………………………………………………………… 10-30
10.11.1 Prevention of Sloping Soil Surface Erosion ……………………………………………….. 10-30
10.11.2 Prevention of Drought Disasters by Using High-Water- Absorbing Polymers .. 10-30
10.11.3 Prevention of Sand and Soil Blow-Away …………………………………………………… 10-31
11. Analyses for System Operation Control and
Trouble Shooting ………………………………………….. 11-1
11.1 Water Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11-1
11.1.1 Meaning of Water Analysis ……………………………………………………………………… 11-1
11.1.2 Sampling and Sample Storage Methods ……………………………………………………… 11-1
11.1.3 Analytical Items and Methods …………………………………………………………………. 11-2
11.1.4 Automatic Analysis Systems ……………………………………………………………………. 11-3
11.1.5 Water Analysis Kits for Job Sites ……………………………………………………………… 11-5
11.2 Analyses and Examinations for Trouble Shooting ……………………………………………………….. 11-6
11.2.1 Procedures of Trouble Shooting ……………………………………………………………….. 11-6
11.2.2 Metallographic Examination ……………………………………………………………………. 11-7
11.2.3 Analysis of Deposits ……………………………………………………………………………….. 11-8
Appendices ………………………………………………………… A-1