Catalysts For Upgrading Heavy Petroleum Feeds, Volume 169

The book provides the most
up-to-date information on testing and development of hydroprocessing
catalysts with the aim to improve performance of the conventional and
modified catalysts as well as to develop novel catalytic formulations.
Besides diverse chemical composition, special attention is devoted to
pore size and pore volume distribution of the catalysts. Properties of
the catalysts are discussed in terms of their suitability for upgrading
heavy feeds. For this purpose atmospheric residue was chosen as the
base for defining other heavy feeds which comprise vacuum gas oil,
deasphalted oil and vacuum residues in addition to topped heavy crude
and bitumen. Attention is paid to deactivation with the aim to extent
catalyst life during the operation. Into consideration is taken the
loss of activity due to fouling, metal deposition, coke formed as the
result of chemical reaction and poisoning by nitrogen bases.
Mathematical models were reviewed focussing on those which can simulate
performance of the commercial operations. Configurations of
hydroprocessing reactors were compared in terms of their capability to
upgrade various heavy feeds providing that a suitable catalyst was
selected. Strategies for regeneration, utilization and disposal of
spent hydroprocesing catalysts were evaluated. Potential of the
non-conventional hydroprocessing involving soluble/dispersed catalysts
and biocatalysts in comparison with conventional methods were assessed
to identify issues which prevent commercial utilization of the former.
A separate chapter is devoted to catalytic dewaxing because the
structure of dewaxing catalysts is rather different than that of
hydroprocessing catalysts, i.e., the objective of catalytic dewaxing is
different than that of the conventional hydroprocessing, The relevant
information in the scientific literature is complemented with the
Patent literature covering the development of catalysts and novel
reactor configurations.

Separate chapter was added to
distinguish upgrading capabilities of the residues catalytic cracking
processes from those employing hydroprocessing. Upper limits on the
content of carbon residue and metals in the feeds which can still be
upgraded by the former processes differ markedly from those in the
feeds which can be upgraded by hydroprocessing. It is necessary that
the costs of modifications of catalytic cracking processes to
accommodate heavier feeds are compared with that of hydroprocessing
methods.

Objective of the short chapter on upgrading by carbon
rejecting processes was to identify limits of contaminants in heavy
feeds beyond which catalytic upgrading via hydroprocessing becomes
uneconomical because of the costs of catalyst inventory and that of
reactors and equipment.

– Comprehensive and most recent information on hydroprocessing catalysts for upgrading heavy petroleum feeds.
– Compares conventional, modified and novel catalysts for upgrading a wide range of heavy petroleum feeds.
–
Comparison of conventional with non-conventional hydroprocessing, the
latter involving soluble/dispersed catalysts and biocatalysts.
– Development and comparison of mathematical models
to simulate performance of catalytic reactors including most problematic feeds.
– Residues upgrading by catalytic cracking in comparison to hydroprocessing.

Content:

Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Properties of Heavy Feeds
2.1 Composition of heavy feeds
2.2 Metals in heavy feeds
2.3 Physical properties
Chapter 3. Properties of Catalysts for Hydroprocessing of Heavy Feeds
3.1 Chemical composition
3.2 Physical properties
3.3 Mechanical properties
3.4 Effect of shape and size of catalyst particles
Chapter 4. Selection of Reactors for Hydroprocessing Research
4.1 Batch reactors
4.2 Continuous reactors
Chapter 5. Development and Testing of Catalysts
5.1 Conventional catalysts
5.2 Modified conventional catalysts
5.3 Novel catalysts
Chapter 6. Hydroprocessing Reactions
6.1 Kinetics of hydroprocessing reactions
6.2 Mechanism of hydroprocessing reactions
Chapter 7. Catalyst Deactivation
7.1 Deactivation due to structural change of catalyst
7.2 Deactivation by coke and nitrogen bases
7.3 Combined effect of coke and metals on deactivation
7.4 Effect of mechanical properties of catalyst on
activity loss
7.5 Kinetics of catalyst deactivation
7.6 Mechanism of catalyst deactivation
7.7 Development of models for predicting catalyst
deactivation
Chapter 8. Selection of catalysts for Commercial Hydroprocessing
Reactors
8.1 Fixed bed reactors systems
8.2 Commercial processes employing fixed bed reactors
8.3 Moving bed reactors
8.4 Ebullated bed reactors
8.5 Slurry reactors using low-cost solids
8.6 Comparison of hydroprocessing reactors
Chapter 9. Patent Literature on Hydroprocessing Catalysts
and Reactors
9.1 Catalyst development
9.2 Configurations of catalytic reactors and systems
Chapter 10. Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts
10.1 Regeneration
10.2 Rejuvenation
10.3 Metal reclamation
10.4 Other potential uses of spent hydroprocessing catalysts
10.5 Disposal and storage
Chapter 11. Hydroprocessing of VGO and DAO for Production of
Lubricants
11.1 Catalytic dewaxing
11.2 Hydrogenation of VGO/DAO for lube base oil
11.3 Design of dewaxing catalysts
11.4 Catalysts and catalytic systems in patent literature
11.5 Spent catalysts from dewaxing
Chapter 12. Non-Conventional Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Feeds
12.1 Down-hole upgrading
12.2 Processes using dissolved/dispersed catalysts
12.3 Bio-catalytic upgrading of heavy feeds
Chapter 13. Residues Upgrading by Catalytic Cracking
13.1 Catalytic cracking processes
13.2 FCC/RFCC catalysts
13.3 Emissions from RFCC process
13.4 Patent literature
Chapter 14. Carbon-Rejecting Processes
14.1 Thermal processes
14.2 Carbon rejection by deasphalting
Chapter 15. Uncommon Methods for Upgrading Heavy Feeds
Chapter 16. Conclusions and Future Perspectives